chernobyl disaster

chernobyl disaster

The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear 

accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl 

Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, which was under the 

direct jurisdiction of the central authorities of the Soviet 

Union. An explosion and fire released large quantities of 

radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread 

over much of the western USSR and Europe.

The Chernobyl disaster is widely considered to have 

been the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, 

and is one of only two classified as a level 7 event on 

the International Nuclear Event Scale (the other being 

the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011). The 

battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater 

catastrophe ultimately involved over 500,000 workers 

and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles  The official 

Soviet casualty count of 31 deaths has been disputed, 

and long-term effects such as cancers and deformities 

are still being accounted for.

Accident

increase, leading to explosions in its four suffered a 

catastrophic power 

core. This dispersed large quantities 

of radioactive fuel and core materials 

into the atmosphere and ignited the 

combustible graphite moderator. The 

burning graphite moderator 

increased the emission of radioactive 

particles, carried by the smoke, as 

the reactor had not been 

encased by any kind of hard containment vessel. The 

accident occurred during an 

experiment scheduled to test a 

potential safety emergency core cooling feature, which took 

place during a normal shutdown procedure.

Causes

Operator error

There were two official explanations of the accident: the first, 

later acknowledged to be erroneous, was published in 

August 1986 and effectively placed the blame on the power 

plant operators. To investigate the causes of the accident 

the IAEA created a group known as the International Nuclear 

Safety Advisory Group (INSAG), which in its report of 1986, 

INSAG-1, on the whole also supported this view, based on 

the data provided by the Soviets and the oral statements of 

specialists.^[79] In this view, the catastrophic accident was 

caused by gross violations of operating rules and 

regulations. "During preparation and testing of the turbine 

generator under run-down conditions using the auxiliary 

load, personnel disconnected a series of technical protection 

systems and breached the most important operational safety 

provisions for conducting a technical exercise."^[80]:311

The operator error was probably due to their lack of 

knowledge of nuclear reactor physics and engineering, as 

well as lack of experience and training. According to these 

allegations, at the time of the accident the reactor was being 

operated with many key safety systems turned off, most 

notably the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS), LAR 

(Local Automatic control system), and AZ (emergency power 

reduction system). Personnel had an insufficiently detailed 

understanding of technical procedures involved with the 

nuclear reactor, and knowingly ignored regulations to speed 

test completion

Effects

International spread of radioactive substances

It was Sweden's search for the source of radioactivity, 

after they had determined there was no leak at the 

Swedish plant, that at noon on 28 April led to the first 

hint of a serious nuclear problem in the western Soviet 

Union. Hence the evacuation of Pripyat on 27 April 36 

hours after the initial explosions, was silently 

completed before the disaster became known outside 

the Soviet Union. The rise in radiation levels had at 

that time already been measured in  finland, but a civil 

service strike delayed the response and 

publication.The initial evidence that a major release 

of radioactive material was affecting other countries 

came not from Soviet sources, but from Sweden, 

where on the morning of 28 April workers at the 

Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant(approximately 1,100 

km (680 mi) from the Chernobyl site) were found to 

have radioactive particles on their clothes.

Human impact

The Chernobyl Forum first met on 3 February 2003 for 

a three-day meeting. It consisted of the International 

Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), other United Nations 

organizations (FAO, UN-OCHA, UNDP, UNEP, 

UNSCEAR, WHO, and the World Bank), and the 

governments of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. A 

second meeting was held on 10–11 March 2004, and 

a third on 18–20 April 2005. The aim of the Forum 

was to "scientifically clarify the radiological 

environmental and health consequences of the 

Chernobyl accident, to provide advice on and to 

contribute to a scientifically sound remediation and 

health care programmes, and to consider the 

necessity of, and opportunities for continued 

research/learning lessons.

The following images are not suitable 

for the faint 

hearted,

who does not want to 

see retire ... and do not blame me

if they give you nightmares

INNOCENCE

INNOCENCE IS A GREAT VALUE, goes hand in hand with life, a value that is important, because without innocence can not be born and can not be born without innocence ...

SPEECH

"A DREAM"

MARTIN LUTHER KING.

I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds."

But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.

We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children.

SANVALENTIN DAY... <3 <3 <3

Valentine's Day is a traditional celebration of Anglo-Saxon countries that has been implemented in other countries throughout the twentieth century mainly in the loving couples express their love and affection to each other. Held on February 14, in some countries known as Valentine's Day and in others as Day of Love and Friendship.

HISTORY OF CUPID.


There are several versions about the birth of Cupid. According to Seneca, the son of Venus and Vulcano.5 For Cicero, in the third book of De natura deorum were different Cupido (which is identified with the Greek Hímero), son of Night and Erebus, and Love (whose Greek equivalent would Eros), son of Jupiter and Venus.6 first, violent and capricious, the second soft and delightful. However, the extended version, according to which Cupid is the son of Venus (Aphrodite) and Mars (Ares), seems to come from the Greek source Ceos.5 Simonides of 7

According to this latest version, Cupid was born in Cyprus, as his mother, who had to hide in the woods and let out suckled by wild beasts that only he were pious. Venus did not dare have him with them, fearing the rigor of Jupiter, who, foreseeing all the evil that the child would make the universe, intended strike him at birth. Fate, however, allowed to remain safe Cupid. Formed beautiful as her mother, and bold as his father, and unable to be guided by reason, in the manner of their jungle nurses. In the forest produced a bow with ash, cypress and arrows. Later, Venus gave her golden bow and arrows. The arrows were of two kinds: a gold rush had to give love, while others had lead to plant forgetfulness and ingratitude in hearts. In addition, he was granted the power that neither men nor gods, nor his mother or even his own chest wounds were immune to that produced their arrows, as evidenced by the love for Psyche, to which he was subjected. The Nereid Thetis, the day of her marriage to Peleus, obtained for Jupiter Cupid's forgiveness and the grace to be admitted among the gods patricians.